性质 ①loga(1)=0; ②loga(a)=1;
③负数与零无对数.运算法则 ①loga(MN)=logaM+logaN;
②loga(M/N)=logaM-logaN; ③对logaM中M的n次方有=nlogaM; 如果a=e^m,则m为数a的自然对数,即lna=m,e=2.718281828…为自然对数的底。定义: 若a^n=b(a>0且a≠1) 则n=log(a)(b) 基本性质:1、a^(log(a)(b))=b 2、log(a)(MN)=log(a)(M)+log(a)(N);
3、log(a)(M÷N)=log(a)(M)-log(a)(N);
4、log(a)(M^n)=nlog(a)(M)
5、log(a^n)M=1/nlog(a)(M) 推导: 1、因为n=log(a)(b),代入则a^n=b,即a^(log(a)(b))=b。
2、MN=M×N 由基本性质1(换掉M和N) a^[log(a)(MN)] = a^[log(a)(M)]×a^[log(a)(N)] ,由指数的性质a^[log(a)(MN)] = a^{[log(a)(M)] + [log(a)(N)]} ,又因为指数函数是单调函数,所以 log(a)(MN) = log(a)(M) + log(a)(N)
3、与(2)类似处理 M/N=M÷N 由基本性质1(换掉M和N)a^[log(a)(M÷N)] = a^[log(a)(M)]÷a^[log(a)(N)], 由指数的性质a^[log(a)(M÷N)] = a^{[log(a)(M)] - [log(a)(N)]} ,又因为指数函数是单调函数,所以log(a)(M÷N) = log(a)(M) - log(a)(N)
4、与(2)类似处理 M^n=M^n 由基本性质1(换掉M) a^[log(a)(M^n)] = {a^[log(a)(M)]}^n ,由指数的性质 a^[log(a)(M^n)] = a^{[log(a)(M)]*n},又因为指数函数是单调函数,所以log(a)(M^n)=nlog(a)(M) 基本性质4推广
log(a^n)(b^m)=m/n*[log(a)(b)]
推导如下: 由换底公式(换底公式见下面)[lnx是log(e)(x),e称作自然对数的底] log(a^n)(b^m)=ln(b^m)÷ln(a^n)
换底公式的推导: 设e^x=b^m,e^y=a^n 则log(a^n)(b^m)=log(e^y)(e^x)=x/y x=ln(b^m),y=ln(a^n) 得:log(a^n)(b^m)=ln(b^m)÷ln(a^n)
由基本性质4可得 log(a^n)(b^m) = [m×ln(b)]÷[n×ln(a)] = (m÷n)×{[ln(b)]÷[ln(a)]} ,
再由换底公式 log(a^n)(b^m)=m÷n×[log(a)(b)]换底公式
设x=a^m,a=b^n,则x=(b^n)^m=b^(mn)……①对①取以a为底的对数,
有:log(a, x)=m……②对①取以b为底的对数,有:log(b, x)=mn……③③/②,
得:log(b, x)/log(a, x)=n=log(b, a)∴log(a, x)=log(b, x)/log(b, a)注:log(a, x)表示以a为底x的对数。
换底公式拓展:以e为底数和以a为底数的公式代换:logae=1/(lna)